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Calculators

Winter's formula

Expected PaCO2 during metabolic acidosis: 1.5 × HCO3 + 8, plus or minus 2.

Result

Fill the inputs to compute.

Interpretation
Measured PaCO2 above the range adds a respiratory acidosis; below it adds a respiratory alkalosis.
Limitations
Applies to metabolic acidosis only; other disorders have their own compensation rules.
Reference
Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Ann Intern Med 1967;66:312-22.

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